where do countries get loans from ?

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where do countries get loans from ?

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https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/if-all-large-countries-are-in-debt-who-do-they-borrow-money-from.html

https://www.scienceabc.com/social-science/if-all-large-countries-are-in-debt-who-do-they-borrow-money-from.html
Where Do Countries Borrow Money From? Who Lends them Funds? – Science ABC
28 déc. 2023Formally speaking, there are three ways for the government to borrow money: From its citizens From other countries From itself Citizens Citizens of a nation lend money to their government, which adds to the national debt. This is the most secure way of raising money from an economist’s point of view.

https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Where-the-IMF-Gets-Its-Money

https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Where-the-IMF-Gets-Its-Money
Where the IMF Gets Its Money
English The money the IMF loans to its members on its general – or non-concessional – terms comes from member countries, mainly through their payment of quotas. Multilateral and bilateral arrangements can supplement quota funds and plays a critical role in the IMF’s support for member in times of crisis.

https://www.imf.org / en / About / Factsheets / IMF-Lending

https://www.imf.org / en / About / Factsheets / IMF-Lending
IMF Lending
Loans to low-income countries carry a zero interest rate. How IMF lending helps IMF lending gives countries breathing room to adjust policies in an orderly manner, paving the way for a stable economy and sustainable growth. Policy adjustments will vary depending on the country’s circumstances.

https://www.bbc.com/news/59585507

https://www.bbc.com/news/59585507
China: Is it burdening poor countries with unsustainable debt? – BBC
China is one of the world’s largest single creditor nations. Its loans to lower and middle-income countries have tripled over the past decade, reaching $170bn (£125bn) by the end of 2020….

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/government-debt-economy-bonds-loans

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/10/government-debt-economy-bonds-loans
What is government debt – and how is it paid back? – The World Economic …
14 oct. 2022Countries borrow from each other or from global organizations like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Pension funds buy government debt But governments also raise money by selling bonds, often to institutional investors or pension funds.

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/borrow-money-country-income-level

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/borrow-money-country-income-level
Where People Borrow Money From, by Country Income Level
3 avr. 2023In 2021, most individuals in high income economies borrowed money from formal financial institutions. With 81% of respondents borrowing from financial institutions, Canada tops this list. Meanwhile, Israel (80%), Iceland (73%), Hong Kong (70%), and South Korea (69%) are not far behind.

https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2020/12/art-320866

https://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/2020/12/art-320866
Who can borrow from the World Bank? – Bretton Woods Project
Upper-middle-income countries (defined as those with per capita incomes of between $4,046 and $12,535) can borrow from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) at interest rates that are lower than those from commercial banks.

https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/2020/eng/what-we-do/lending

https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/2020/eng/what-we-do/lending
IMF Annual Report 2020 | What We Do | Lending
About $91 billion in financing to 80 countries, including $11.3 billion to 48 low-income countries since the onset of the pandemic in late March and as of September 15, 2020. Out of this lending*, the IMF channeled $30 billion (equivalent to SDR 21.2 billion) in financing to 69 countries through emergency lending facilities.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-debt.asp

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-debt.asp
Foreign Debt: Definition and Economic Impact – Investopedia
What is Foreign Debt? Foreign debt is money borrowed by a government, corporation or private household from another country’s government or private lenders. Foreign debt also includes…

https://inquiries.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/894018-open-finances-country-lending-summaries

https://inquiries.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/894018-open-finances-country-lending-summaries
Open Finances & Country Lending Summaries – General Inquiries
Open Finances & Country Lending Summaries. The World Bank Group Finances makes financial data available to everybody in a social, interactive, visually compelling, and machine readable format. The data covers portions of the Bank Group’s investments, assets it manages on behalf of global funds, and WBG’s own financial statements.
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