where the second law of thermodynamics ?

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https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Second_law_of_thermodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Second_law_of_thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics – Wikipedia
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal experience concerning heat and energy interconversions.One simple statement of the law is that heat always moves from hotter objects to colder objects (or downhill), unless energy in some form is supplied to reverse the direction of heat flow.Another definition is: Not all heat energy can be converted into work in a …

https://www.britannica.com › science › second-law-of-thermodynamics

https://www.britannica.com › science › second-law-of-thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics | Definition, Formula, & Entropy
second law of thermodynamics, statement describing the amount of useful work that can be done from a process that exchanges or transfers heat. The second law of thermodynamics can be precisely stated in the following two forms, as originally formulated in the 19th century by the Scottish physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and the German …

https://openstax.org › books › physics › pages › 12-3-second-law-of-thermodynamics-entropy

https://openstax.org › books › physics › pages › 12-3-second-law-of-thermodynamics-entropy
12.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy – OpenStax
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of a system either increases or remains constant in any spontaneous process; it never decreases. An important implication of this law is that heat transfers energy spontaneously from higher- to lower-temperature objects, but never spontaneously in the reverse direction.

https://www.britannica.com › science › laws-of-thermodynamics

https://www.britannica.com › science › laws-of-thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics | Definitions & Facts | Britannica
laws of thermodynamics, four relations underlying thermodynamics, the branch of physics concerning heat, work, temperature, and energy. The zeroth law of thermodynamics The first and second laws were formally stated in works by German physicist Rudolf Clausius and Scottish physicist William Thomson about 1860.

https://www.livescience.com › 50941-second-law-thermodynamics.html

https://www.livescience.com › 50941-second-law-thermodynamics.html
What is the second law of thermodynamics? | Live Science
The second law of thermodynamics states that as energy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it is wasted. It’s one of the four laws of thermodynamics, which describe the…

https://phys.libretexts.org › Bookshelves › University_Physics › Book:_Physics_(Boundless) › 14:_Thermodynamics › 14.3:_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics

https://phys.libretexts.org › Bookshelves › University_Physics › Book:_Physics_(Boundless) › 14:_Thermodynamics › 14.3:_The_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics
14.3: The Second Law of Thermodynamics – Physics LibreTexts
The second law of thermodynamics indicates that a Carnot engine operating between two given temperatures has the greatest possible efficiency of any heat engine operating between these two temperatures. Irreversible processes involve dissipative factors, which reduces the efficiency of the engine.

https://writings.stephenwolfram.com › 2023 › 01 › how-did-we-get-here-the-tangled-history-of-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics

https://writings.stephenwolfram.com › 2023 › 01 › how-did-we-get-here-the-tangled-history-of-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics
How Did We Get Here? The Tangled History of the Second Law of …
The basic concept of the Second Law was first formulated in the 1850s, and rather rapidly took on something close to its modern form. It began partly as an empirical law, and partly as something abstractly constructed on the basis of the idea of molecules, that nobody at the time knew for sure existed.

https://physics.stackexchange.com › questions › 10690 › is-there-any-proof-for-the-2nd-law-of-thermodynamics

https://physics.stackexchange.com › questions › 10690 › is-there-any-proof-for-the-2nd-law-of-thermodynamics
Is there any proof for the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
The second law is a theorem of statistical mechanics, whenever we admit classical mechanics or quantum mechanics. This is independant of the actual forces between the particles as long as they are conservative (like all forces at particule level).

https://chem.libretexts.org › Bookshelves › General_Chemistry › Book:_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson) › 17:_Equilibrium_and_the_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics

https://chem.libretexts.org › Bookshelves › General_Chemistry › Book:_Concept_Development_Studies_in_Chemistry_(Hutchinson) › 17:_Equilibrium_and_the_Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics
17: Equilibrium and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
17: Equilibrium and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Last updated Aug 14, 2020 16: Reaction Rates Front Matter Foundation We have observed and defined phase transitions and phase equilibrium. We have also observed equilibrium in a variety of reaction systems.

https://www.scientificamerican.com › article › second-law-of-thermodynam

https://www.scientificamerican.com › article › second-law-of-thermodynam
Second Law of Thermodynamics Violated – Scientific American
Second Law of Thermodynamics Violated. By Sarah Graham on July 24, 2002. It seems that something odd happens to the second law of thermodynamics when systems get sufficiently small. The law states …

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The Animate and the Inanimate est le principal livre du mathématicien américain William James Sidis1.
Il traite de la possibilité d’un univers à rebours (reverse universe) en s’appuyant notamment sur la seconde loi de la thermodynamique. Sidis l’écrit avant 21 ans, et hésite à le publier : la première édition datera de 1925. Le livre ne connaitra pas le succès planétaire auquel son contenu brillant semblait le prédisposer. Il fait référence dans sa préface au physicien anglais Kelvin ; et le livre suit de là son cours dans un style discret2.
Dan Mahony l’a découvert le premier avant qu’il ne soit tombé dans un oubli fatal : il se trouve que Sidis y a conjecturé des théories scientifiques très en avance sur son temps. Mahony a fait connaitre le livre à un ancien camarade de classe de Sidis à Harvard, le grand architecte Buckminster Fuller. Celui-ci, dans une lettre datant de 1979 à l’un de ses amis, se dit enthousiasmé et joyeux, voyant dans l’ouvrage une pièce cosmologique magistrale. Sidis y évoque le premier les trous noirs, qui sont à la base de la cosmologie actuelle. Il inclut dans son travail très sérieux des considérations biologiques, mathématiques et métaphysiques, et fait notamment référence à Kant.
The Animate and the Inanimate est un livre difficile d’accès, comme peuvent l’être les Principia mathematicae de Newton, et ne concerne donc qu’un public initié, si ce n’est de physiciens avertis.
Extraits en anglais[|]
Our previous consideration on the production of radiant energy from the stars indicates that such production of radiant energy is only possible where the second law of thermodynamics is followed, that is, in a positive section of the universe. In a negative section of the universe the reverse process must take place; namely, space is full of radiant energy, presumably produced in the positive section of space, and the stars use this radiant energy to build up a higher level of heat. All radiant energy in that section of space would tend to be absorbed by the stars, which would thus constitute perfectly black bodies; and very little radiant energy would be produced in that section of space, but would mostly come from beyond the boundary surface. What little radiant energy would be produced in the negative section of space would be pseudo-teleologically directed only towards stars which have enough activity to absorb it, and no radiant energy, or almost none, would actually leave the negative section of space. The peculiarity of the boundary surface between the positive and negative sections of space, then, is, that practically all light that crosses it, crosses it in one direction, namely, from the positive side to the negative side. If we were on the positive side, as seems to be the case, then we could not see beyond such surface, though we might easily have gravitational or other evidence of bodies existing beyond that surface.―CHAP XII, 60-61
Le livre est assez bref, mais très clair et son contenu est brillant tout entier. Beaucoup de domaines de la connaissance s’y trouvent embrassés, et même la psychologie, la métaphysique et la religion. L’argumentation de Sidis s’appuie particulièrement en mathématiques sur la théorie des probabilités.
Il peut être également utile de dresser le plan de ce monumental traité :
Notes et références[|]
↑ Sidis s []
↑ Level_0_Quantonics – The Arches – A Doorway to a Whole New Reality, and a Whole New Way of Thinking []
Liens externes[|]
le site officiel contenant le texte intégral []
un site en anglais spécialisé []
[1] [] [PDF]
eoht.info []
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